Restoring Movement Through science
Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the benefits of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) following neurological injury.
Kurage has built on these advances to develop NeuroSkin®, an innovative technology that combines FES with continuous motion analysis algorithms, making these benefits accessible for rehabilitation today.”
The Benefits of FES in RehabilitationPromoting neuroplasticity to improve functional recovery
Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is an electrostimulation technique that has been used for several decades by healthcare professionals to help restore movement after a neurological injury, such as stroke, spinal cord injury, or multiple sclerosis.
It involves delivering mild electrical impulses to the muscles in order to replicate the brain’s natural nerve signals, thereby promoting muscle contraction at the appropriate moment.
Beyond its immediate benefits in muscle activation, FES offers significant potential by leveraging brain plasticity, a key factor in neurological rehabilitation.
A Technology Validated by Science Benefits and Clinical Evidence
For nearly a century, thousands of scientific publications have demonstrated the effectiveness of FES on the lower limbs. These benefits have been confirmed through randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews across a wide range of neurological conditions.
Explore all our publications on the topic below
Artificial Intelligence Powered Functional Electrical Stimulation Walking for Gait Rehabilitation After Stroke (Metani, Jafari, Di Marco, Popović-Maneski) Artificial Organs, under submission
ICEP: An Instrumented Cycling Ergometer Platform for the Assessment of Advanced FES Strategies (Kajganić, Bergeron, Metani) Sensors, May 2023
This study details the development of an electrically stimulated cycling platform designed to assess various FES strategies. Unlike existing devices, this platform enables precise measurement of forces and torques applied to the pedals while accommodating different cycling positions for wheelchair users. The innovation lies in the integration of sensitive sensors and a customized interface to optimize electrical stimulation parameters, accounting for delays and specific muscle contributions. This opens new perspectives for improving rehabilitation outcomes in individuals with motor impairments by making FES cycling more effective and personalized.
Evaluation of the Validity and Reliability of NeuroSkin’s Wearable Sensor Gait Analysis Device in Healthy Individuals (Descollonges, Moreau, Feppon, Abdoun, Seguin, Popovic-Maneski, Di Marco, Metani) Bioengineering 2025
A study published in Bioengineering confirms the reliability of NeuroSkin® as a gait assessment tool usable outside the laboratory. Spatiotemporal measurements show excellent correlation with laboratory reference systems. Thanks to its portability, the device enables objective monitoring in real-life conditions over multiple sessions and integrates seamlessly into the daily practice of physiotherapists and rehabilitation physicians. This approach paves the way for more personalized rehabilitation tailored to patient progression.
Effect of electrical muscle stimulation on cerebrovascular function and cognitive performance (Descollonges, Marmier, Marillier, Jafari, Brugniaux, Deley) American American Journal of Physiology, March 2024
This study is the first to demonstrate that a session of electrical muscle stimulation increases cerebral blood flow velocity and cerebral oxygenation—two essential factors for brain health that may influence brain plasticity and, consequently, motor recovery. Electrical stimulation therefore appears to be a promising rehabilitation option to sustainably improve cognitive function in individuals with severe physical limitations who are unable to engage in voluntary physical exercise.
MotiMove: Multi‐purpose transcutaneous functional electrical stimulator (Popovic-Maneski, Mateo) Artificial Organs, October 2022
This article describes the design of MotiMove, a versatile, battery-powered transcutaneous functional electrical stimulator developed from over 40 years of research at the University of Belgrade, Serbia. Used for therapeutic interventions, clinical research, and fitness training (cycling, rowing, grasping, walking, and exercises), MotiMove stands out for its real-time control of stimulation parameters across eight independent current sources using various sensors. MotiMove is the core muscle electrical stimulator embedded within the NeuroSkin system.
NeuroSkin®: AI-Driven Wearable Functional Electrical Stimulation for Post-Stroke Gait Recovery—A Multicenter Feasibility Study (Metani, Popovic-Maneski, Seguin, Di Marco) Sensors, 2025
A study conducted at IRCCS Maugeri Montescano demonstrates the impact of NeuroSkin®, an AI-assisted FES device, on post-stroke gait recovery. After 10 rehabilitation sessions, subacute patients showed improvements of +47.7% on the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and +39.5% on the 2-Minute Walk Test (2MWT), along with reduced spasticity. Chronic patients also exhibited notable gains: +22.7% on TUG and +23.1% on 2MWT. Spatiotemporal parameters (speed, step length, distance walked) confirm an overall improvement in gait quality. The device was well tolerated and considered practical by clinicians, paving the way for larger-scale studies in neurorehabilitation.
FES-rowing: a well-tolerated and highly beneficial exercise for a patient with Brown-Sequard syndrome (Descollonges, Marmier, Mater, Di Marco, Deley) The Journal Of Spinal Cord Medicine, April 2023
This innovative study is the first to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of a functional electrical stimulation rowing program in a patient with Brown-Sequard syndrome (BSS), a rare condition related to incomplete spinal cord injury. The results show significant improvements in muscle strength, walking and rowing capacity, as well as quality of life after three months of training, highlighting the potential of FES as a beneficial exercise option for patients with incomplete injuries and preserved sensory feedback.
Assessing Personalized FES Patterns for Gait Rehabilitation in a Clinical Setting (Feppon, Metani, Mohammed) IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot, May 2025
This study, presented at ICORR 2025, evaluates the personalization of FES patterns for post-stroke gait rehabilitation. The NeuroSkin® system—a multi-channel textile device with integrated motion sensors—was tested in three hemiplegic patients. Spatiotemporal, kinematic, and postural metrics showed patient-specific improvements. Personalization led to notable gains in walking speed (+3.3 cm/s), step length (+4.7 cm), and postural control. These findings confirm the value of integrating objective metrics to guide and optimize FES protocols in routine clinical practice.
Positive effects of functional electrical stimulation-assisted cycling on perception of effort, cerebral blood flow, and cognition in post-stroke patients (Descollonges, Di Marco, Jafari, Pouillart, Brugniaux, Pageaux, Deley) Journal of NeuroEngineering
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